Final answer:
The condition that does not support a command and control approach as a desirable solution to an externality problem is Medicine. Command-and-control regulation often results in inefficiency, high costs, and rigidity, whereas market-oriented tools could provide better outcomes.
Step-by-step explanation:
The correct answer to the question regarding which condition does not make a command and control approach a desirable solution to an externality problem is Medicine (d). This is because command and control approaches are not typically applicable in the context of medicine. Rather, they are more suited to addressing issues in fields like economics, environmental science, and political science.
Command-and-control regulation refers to government-mandated legal limitations and obligations that restrict or dictate the behaviors of individuals or entities. The three main problems with this type of regulation, as noted by economists, include inefficiency, rigidity, and potentially higher costs compared to market-oriented solutions. In efficiency terms, command-and-control often results in outcomes like point M, which is not optimal when point Q (greater economic output with the same environmental protection) or point S (greater environmental protection with the same level of output) could be achieved. Market-oriented tools, on the other hand, can offer the same environmental protection at lower costs or a higher degree of environmental protection for the same costs, making them a preferable alternative in many cases.