Question

Using cell or tissue culture or mathematical models in the experiment whenever possible and substituting lower species for higher mammalian species are examples of which of the 3 Rs principles?

A) Replacement
B) Reduction
C) Refinement
D) Reuse

Answer 1

The principle being described, which suggests using cell or tissue culture, mathematical models, or lower species in place of higher vertebrates in experiments, is known as Replacement. It is one of the three Rs principles set by the NIH to guide ethical research involving animals.

Step-by-step explanation:

Using cell or tissue culture or mathematical models in experiments and substituting lower species for higher mammalian species are examples of the Replacement principle of the 3 Rs. This principle is one of the NIH guidelines for the ethical treatment of animals in scientific research. It encourages researchers to use alternative methods such as nonliving models, invertebrates, or computer simulations instead of higher vertebrates, to replace the need for animal testing wherever feasible.

The use of cell or tissue culture or mathematical models in experiments, and substituting lower species for higher mammalian species, are examples of the Refinement principle in the 3 Rs principles.