Question

Using cell or tissue culture or mathematical models in the experiment whenever possible and substituting lower species for higher mammalian species are examples of which of the 3Rs principles?

a) Reduction
b) Replacement
c) Refinement
d) Recuperation

Answer 1

Using cell or tissue culture and mathematical models in experiments and substituting lower species for higher mammals are examples of the Replacement principle in the 3Rs of ethical animal research.

Step-by-step explanation:

Using cell or tissue culture or mathematical models in the experiment whenever possible and substituting lower species for higher mammalian species are examples of the Replacement principle of the 3Rs. The 3Rs stand for Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement, aiming to improve animal welfare and ethical standards in scientific research. Replacement seeks to find alternative methods to avoid or replace the use of animals.

In the case described, the use of cell cultures, tissue cultures, and mathematical models serves as a replacement for live animal experiments, and using lower species in place of higher mammals also aligns with this principle. In contrast, Reduction aims at reducing the number of animals used in experiments without compromising the quality of the results, and Refinement involves improving experimental procedures to minimize pain and distress.