Final answer:
The term referring to the return of the monarchy and King Charles II in 1660 is 'The Restoration'. It marks the period when monarchical rule was reestablished in England following the republic era under Cromwell.
Step-by-step explanation:
The return in 1660 of the monarchy and King Charles II is called The Restoration. This period refers to when Charles II was brought back to the throne of England at the invitation of Parliament, following the collapse of the republic led by Oliver Cromwell and his son Richard. The Restoration signified the reestablishment of the monarchy after England's experiment with being a republic, as well as a return to traditional institutions like both houses of Parliament and the Anglican Church.