Aridisols are soil types formed in arid regions and exhibit characteristics such as low organic matter and distinct subsurface horizons enriched with minerals like calcium carbonate. These soils develop over long periods due to climate and weathering processes in deserts where evaporation typically surpasses precipitation.
The soil type characteristic of arid regions with subsurface horizons displaying accumulations of clay, calcium carbonate, silica, salts, and/or gypsum is known as Aridisols. These soils are often formed in deserts and exhibit features such as a very low percentage of organic matter due to the lack of vegetation and dry conditions, which inhibit the decomposition of organic material.
The presence of a subsurface horizon with caliche—a hardened deposit of calcium carbonate—signals the developmental stage of these soils. Aridisols are typically mature soils with distinct layers or horizons resulting from the weathering processes and the accumulation of minerals.
Aridisols are influenced by the local climate, especially temperature and precipitation patterns. In regions where evaporation exceeds precipitation, such as in subtropical deserts, the soil's physical properties are significantly impacted, leading to the distinct characteristics of Aridisols.
These conditions contribute to the formation of the B horizon, where caliche can be found, indicating significant horizon development in these otherwise sparse desolate environments.