Final answer:
The synonym for 'type' in the context of categories or classifications is 'classification'. Other options like exemplar, martinet, and scapegoat are not related to the concept of categorization.
Step-by-step explanation:
The word that can be used as a synonym for "type" in the sense of a category or classification is classification. In the context of typology, which refers to a system of discrete categories used for classifying variation, the term classification is closely related. 'Type' refers to a particular category within a system of classification, and therefore, classification itself suits best as a synonym.
Other options given, such as 'exemplar', 'martinet', and 'scapegoat' are not synonyms for 'type'. An exemplar is a typical or good example of something, a martinet is a strict disciplinarian, and a scapegoat is one who is blamed for the wrongdoings of others. These terms do not relate to the concept of a category or classification.