Final answer:
The phase that is not traditionally considered part of the management process is 'executing.' The classical phases include planning, organizing, directing, and controlling.
Step-by-step explanation:
The option that is not considered a phase of the management process is d. executing. The four traditional phases of management are planning, organizing, directing (or leading), and controlling. Executing may be considered as an aspect embedded within the directing or leading phase, but it is not typically listed as a standalone phase in the management process.
Management in business and organizations involves these elements working synergistically to achieve the company's objectives. All of the following are considered phases of the management process except executing. The management process typically consists of four phases: planning, directing, controlling and executing.
Planning involves setting goals and making plans to achieve them, directing involves guiding and supervising employees, controlling involves monitoring progress and making adjustments if necessary, and executing involves implementing the plans that have been made.