Final answer:
Edge computing/caching, millimeter wave communication, and device-to-device communication are techniques used in 5G networks to achieve low-latency communications.
Step-by-step explanation:
In 5G networks, there are several techniques used to achieve low-latency communications:
- Edge computing/Caching: This technique involves moving the processing and storage of data closer to the edge of the network, near the devices, instead of relying solely on centralized servers. By doing this, latency is reduced as data doesn't need to travel long distances to reach the server and back. For example, during video streaming, the content can be cached at the edge of the network, reducing the time it takes to deliver the content to the user.
- Millimeter wave (mmW) communications: This technique utilizes higher frequency bands in the radio spectrum, specifically in the millimeter wave range, to transmit data. These higher frequencies allow for faster data rates, which can contribute to lower latency. However, millimeter waves have shorter range and are easily blocked by obstacles, so additional infrastructure is required to ensure reliable connectivity.
- Device-to-device (D2D) communication: D2D communication allows devices within close proximity to communicate directly with each other, bypassing the need to send data through the network infrastructure. This can reduce latency by eliminating the need for data to travel through multiple network nodes. For example, in a crowded event where many users are trying to access the network simultaneously, D2D communication can enable devices to share resources and communicate directly with each other, reducing congestion and latency.