Final Answer:
a. Z_{0.31} = 0.1161
b. Z_{0.47} = 0.1772
c. Z_{0.97} = 1.8821
Step-by-step explanation:
In statistical analysis, Z-scores represent the number of standard deviations a particular data point is from the mean. For the given values, Z_{0.31}, Z_{0.47}, and Z_{0.97} are calculated as 0.1161, 0.1772, and 1.8821, respectively. These values indicate the position of the corresponding data points relative to the mean in terms of standard deviations.
Z-scores are a crucial tool in statistics, helping assess the relative position of data points in a distribution. They are particularly useful in identifying outliers and understanding the distribution of a dataset.
A Z-score of 0 signifies the data point is exactly at the mean, positive values indicate points above the mean, and negative values indicate points below the mean. Understanding Z-scores is fundamental for statistical analysis and hypothesis testing.