Final answer:
Agencies establish guidelines to ensure Medical Ethics in Research, guided by principles stemming from historical ethical codes like the Nuremberg Code and the oversight of Institutional Review Boards (IRBs).
Step-by-step explanation:
The question pertains to ethical guidelines established by various agencies to govern the conduct within the realm of medical research and clinical practice. These guidelines serve to ensure ethical principles such as integrity, informed consent, respect for patients' rights, and the humane treatment of animals in research. One of the historical milestones in the establishment of these principles was the Nuremberg Code, created in response to the unethical medical experiments conducted during World War II.
In the realm of research with human subjects, Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) have been set up to review and approve medical research protocols, which need to adhere to ethical principles such as autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice. These boards ensure that research subjects are fully aware of the studies they partake in, the risks involved, and that their privacy and confidentiality are safeguarded. The answer to the question is a) Medical Ethics in Research.