Final answer:
The factors that teachers base their judgment on are good predictors of student achievement, as they assess important aspects of a student's capabilities and work ethic. Teacher pay and parental involvement do not directly predict individual achievement in the same way. Proposals for improving education often involve changing incentives rather than merely increasing resources.
Step-by-step explanation:
The factors that teachers base their judgment on are indeed good predictors of student achievement. The assessment of a student's performance, encompassing elements such as class participation, innate ability, and work ethic, correlates significantly with their academic success. In contrast, factors like parental involvement or teacher pay, while impactful on the educational system as a whole, do not directly predict individual student achievement in the same manner.
Considering cultural beliefs and societal values has led to the acceptance of lower pay for teachers, juxtaposed with the profit-driven business sector. Proposals to improve educational outcomes often focus on changing incentives in schools, with suggestions such as testing, performance-based rewards, and educational choice through vouchers, rather than solely increasing resources like spending per student.
Therefore, when considering the factors that underpin effective education and student outcomes, it's crucial to understand that good judgment by educators and the appropriate application of predictors can lead to enhanced student achievement, irrespective of the more broadly focused incentives or systemic challenges in the educational sector.