Final answer:
Janine is given pitocin to induce labor due to being past her due date with an ineffective labor process. The newborn’s first breath alters the circulatory pattern to establish typical postnatal circulation. Breast engorgement after sudden weaning occurs due to milk accumulation in the breast tissue.
Step-by-step explanation:
Induction of Labor with Pitocin
Janine is administered IV infusion of pitocin because she is past her due date and experiencing prolonged ineffective labor, with her cervix only 2 cm dilated. Pitocin, a synthetic form of oxytocin, is used to induce labor by strengthening contractions, which can help to progress cervical dilation and move the labor process forward.
Newborn Circulatory Changes
With the newborn's first breath, a dramatic change in the circulatory pattern occurs. The lungs expand, decreasing resistance in the pulmonary blood vessels and allowing more blood to flow into the lungs to take part in gas exchange. Simultaneously, the shunts (ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale) begin to close, which redirects blood flow and establishes the postnatal circulation typical of an adult heart and lungs.
Dehydration Risk in Newborns
Newborns have a higher risk for dehydration due to their small body size, higher water content per body mass, a less effective kidney concentration ability, and higher metabolic rate which increases fluid loss, necessitating more frequent feeding to maintain fluid balance.
Transit of Breast Milk
Breast milk is secreted by lactocytes in the mammary glands and is then transferred through the ductal system to be stored temporarily in the lactiferous sinuses before being expressed through the nipple pores during breastfeeding.
Breast Engorgement After Weaning
Sudden cessation of breastfeeding can lead to breast engorgement and leakage due to the buildup of milk within the breast tissue as the body slowly adjusts to the decrease in demand for milk production.
Importance of Sample Size in Mendelian Genetics
Mendel's use of a large sample size was essential in his genetic studies to ensure statistical significance and reliability of results, particularly to notice patterns and ratios indicative of inherited traits.
X-Linked Recessive Disorders in Femal
A female carrier of an X-linked recessive disorder can have an affected female child if the child inherits the affected X chromosome from the mother and the father either has the disorder or is also a carrier, providing a second affected X chromosome.