Final answer:
Postpartum hemorrhage is significant bleeding after childbirth, with retained placenta fragments being a common cause. Risk factors include a history of PPH, multiple pregnancies, and prolonged labor. Medical professionals must monitor the expulsion of the placenta to prevent complications.
Step-by-step explanation:
Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is severe bleeding following childbirth. It's a significant concern that can occur after the placenta is delivered, during the postpartum period. The obstetrician must ensure that the placenta and fetal membranes are intact after delivery, as retained fragments can cause PPH.
Risk factors for PPH include a history of PPH, multiple pregnancies, prolonged labor, and conditions like preeclampsia. Early PPH occurs within 24 hours of birth and is often due to uterine atony or retained placenta. Late PPH occurs after 24 hours and can be caused by subinvolution of the placental site, infection, or retained placental fragments.
Retained placenta can lead to PPH if the placenta does not deliver spontaneously within about 30 minutes post-birth. Manual or surgical removal may be necessary to prevent severe bleeding. The mother will experience a postpartum vaginal discharge called lochia, which transitions from lochia rubra to serosa, and finally to alba over the course of several weeks, indicating the process of recovery.