Final answer:
To change a cognitively based attitude, one must address conflicting beliefs and knowledge through cognitive dissonance reduction strategies or persuasive communications, aiming for internal alignment or external influence, respectively.
Step-by-step explanation:
If an attitude is cognitively based, meaning it is derived from a person's beliefs and knowledge, you would need to address these cognitive aspects to effectively change the attitude. One internal mechanism of attitude change is cognitive dissonance, which is the psychological tension that occurs when there is an inconsistency between thoughts, attitudes, and behaviors. To reduce cognitive dissonance, individuals can:
- Change their discrepant behavior (such as quitting smoking),
- Alter their cognitions through rationalization or denial (for example, negating the health risks associated with a behavior),
- Add new cognitions that align with the behavior or belief system (like believing smoking suppresses appetite and thus has health benefits).
External mechanisms of change involve persuasion, which encompasses various communication strategies aimed at altering attitudes. Persuasive communication includes:
- Central route to persuasion: Focused on using logical arguments and evidence.
- Peripheral route to persuasion: Involves positive associations and emotional appeal.
Changing cognitive-based attitudes often requires a deliberate commitment to modify thinking and behaviors, involving metacognition and critical reflection to challenge and overcome cognitive biases potentially affecting decision-making.