Final answer:
Conditions like diabetes mellitus and starvation are linked to ketonuria, which is the excretion of ketone bodies in the urine. This occurs when there is insufficient insulin or when the liver produces excess ketone bodies that tissues can't use, resulting in ketoacidosis or ketosis. The correct option is A.
Step-by-step explanation:
Conditions such as diabetes mellitus and starvation are closely linked to ketonuria, which is the presence of ketone bodies in the urine. In diabetes, there is either insufficient insulin or it is not functioning properly, leading to less glucose being absorbed by muscles and more fatty acids being converted into ketone bodies.
When the liver produces ketone bodies in excess of what peripheral tissues can use, this results in ketonemia (accumulation of ketone bodies in the blood) and ketonuria. Ketoacidosis or ketosis can arise from this imbalance, particularly in the case of diabetes mellitus, where glucose and ketone bodies spill into the urine, and in conditions of starvation where only ketone bodies are present in the urine.
In cases of ketoacidosis, the blood's pH level is lowered, and the kidney is triggered to excrete urine with high acid levels. Ketonemia and ketonuria together are referred to as ketosis. Treatment for these conditions involves low carbohydrate diets, insulin therapy, or medications to control diabetes.