Final answer:
Insulin and cortisol are two hormones that respond differently to acute and chronic exercise. Insulin secretion decreases during acute exercise to increase glucose availability, while chronic exercise can improve insulin sensitivity. Cortisol assists in managing stress and energy demands during exercise, with chronic adaptations possibly leading to a tempered stress response.
Step-by-step explanation:
Two hormones that illustrate changes in response to exercise are insulin and cortisol. Insulin, produced by pancreatic endocrine cells, plays a critical role in blood glucose regulation. Acutely, during endurance exercise, insulin secretion decreases to aid in increased blood glucose availability for energy. Cortisol, released by the adrenal glands, is known for its role in the stress response, increasing glucose levels and suppressing non-essential bodily functions during exercise. Over time, chronic exercise can lead to adaptations where the body becomes more sensitive to insulin, improving glucose metabolism, and there might be a less pronounced cortisol response to stress.
Exercise's impacts on hormones are also related to the function of other glands like the thyroid and parathyroid, which regulate metabolism and calcium levels respectively, and are part of the intricate network maintaining homeostasis. The hormonal regulation of the reproductive system is another aspect affected by exercise, with adaptations occurring with long-term physical activity. Furthermore, hormones released by organs like the heart and kidneys influence blood pressure and fluid balance. Endocrine dysfunctions can lead to diseases such as diabetes (related to insulin) and Cushing's syndrome (related to cortisol).