Final answer:
Achieving parity with other nations involves strategies like improved education and job training for income equality, and a multilateral approach in foreign policy. The effectiveness of foreign aid spending should be evaluated in terms of strategic alignment and outcomes, rather than absolute amounts.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question revolves around strategies the United States can use to achieve parity with other nations in various aspects. Considering the complexity of this issue, there are multiple aspects to consider, starting with increased education and job training to achieve higher levels of income equality, as suggested in the text. This approach can elevate the overall economic output, making economic prosperity accessible to a broader segment of the society, thereby reducing the wealth gap.
With respect to foreign policy, a pragmatic school of thought would suggest that multilateral engagements through organizations like the UN might be advantageous, enhancing global cooperation and presenting a united front against challenges like terrorism.
Finally, assessing the expenditures on foreign aid, the level of spend should aim for effectiveness and must be aligned with strategic objectives, rather than being measured purely in dollar amounts.