Final answer:
Sinus bradycardia can be caused by internal factors like SA or AV node abnormalities, or external factors such as metabolic disorders, thyroid pathologies, electrolyte imbalances, neurological conditions, and the over-prescription of beta-blocker medications.
Step-by-step explanation:
Sinus bradycardia can develop in response to a variety of internal and external factors. Intrinsic factors may involve abnormalities in the SA or AV nodes of the heart, which may require a pacemaker if serious enough. External factors influencing a slower heart rate include metabolic disorders, endocrine system diseases like thyroid issues, electrolyte imbalances, neurological disorders, autoimmune pathologies, and the over-prescription of beta-blocker drugs. These medications work by blocking beta-1 receptors, thereby slowing heart rate and potentially leading to bradycardia.
Furthermore, changes in sodium and potassium levels can also affect the heart rate. For instance, electrolyte imbalances such as hyponatremia (low sodium) and hyperkalemia (high potassium) can cause bradycardia. Additional causes may include recreational drug use, and lifestyle factors like prolonged bed rest. Diagnosing and treating sinus bradycardia involves identifying and addressing the underlying cause, which may include supplemental oxygen or adjusting medications.
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