Final answer:
Voting decision shortcuts include identifying with a political party, receiving advice from family and friends, and using established personal political values. These shortcuts allow voters to make decisions that align with their beliefs without extensive research.
Step-by-step explanation:
Understanding Voting Decision Shortcuts
When it comes time to vote, many people use shortcuts to guide their decisions without having to extensively research each option. One such shortcut is identifying with a political party, whereby voters choose candidates based on party affiliation. This is because parties generally align with a set of political values, and voters assume that candidates from a party will represent those values. Examples include a Republican voter expecting a candidate to support smaller government and lower taxes, or a Democrat leaning towards candidates favoring strong social programs. Receiving advice from family and friends, as well as relying on one's own existing political values, also serve as heuristics in the decision-making process.
Therefore, if we look at the options provided in the question, the correct answer would be c. all of these options. Each of the listed items represents a common heuristic, or shortcut, that voters may use to aid in their voting decisions, allowing them to bypass intensive research and still make a choice that feels rational to their beliefs and values.