Final answer:
Gel electrophoresis is a technique that uses an electric current to separate DNA fragments by size, creating a pattern referred to as a 'genetic fingerprint'.
Step-by-step explanation:
Gel Electrophoresis and DNA Fingerprinting
The use of an electric current to separate DNA fragments by size and produce a "genetic fingerprint" refers to gel electrophoresis. This technique utilizes a gel, often made of agarose, through which DNA fragments are compelled to move when an electric current is applied. Because DNA has a net negative charge, it moves towards the positive electrode. The various sizes of DNA fragments move at different speeds, with smaller fragments moving faster and farther than larger ones. The end result is a pattern of bands - a DNA smear or 'fingerprint' - where each band represents DNA fragments of different lengths. To visualize the separated fragments, the gel is stained with a DNA-specific dye.
This method is crucial for numerous applications, such as genetic testing, research, and forensic analysis. Importantly, electrophoresis allows for the analysis of DNA structures and the identification of individuals, since each person has a unique set of DNA patterns.