Final answer:
The parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex is primarily responsible for processing and integrating sensory information received from the rest of the body.
Step-by-step explanation:
The cerebral cortex of the human brain is comprised of four main lobes, each responsible for different functions. The parietal lobe is located immediately behind the frontal lobe and is chiefly engaged in processing sensory information from the body's senses, such as touch, temperature, and pain. This lobe harbors the somatosensory cortex which is critical for integrating and processing somatosensory information from throughout the body. The somatosensory cortex is structured in such a way that different areas process sensations from different parts of the body, with body parts that have a larger surface area and more nerves receiving more cortical area for sensory processing.
While the parietal lobe is responsible for somatosensory processing, the other lobes have distinct sensory roles as well. The occipital lobe is primarily involved in visual processing, the frontal lobe deals with motor functions, executive functions, and cognition, and the temporal lobe is tasked with auditory processing and memory formation. Nevertheless, in the context of integrating sensory information from the rest of the body, the parietal lobe is the correct answer to the question posed by the student.