Final answer:
The medulla oblongata, which is part of the brainstem, controls autonomic functions like respiration, digestion, and heart rate, corresponding to option B in the question.
Step-by-step explanation:
The region of the brain responsible for controlling and regulating autonomic functions like respiration, digestion, and heart rate is the medulla oblongata. This answer corresponds to option B) medulla oblongata.
The brainstem includes three major parts: the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. It is the medulla oblongata, in particular, that houses the control centers for crucial functions such as breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate. These involuntary functions are vital for life and are regulated automatically by the medulla oblongata without conscious thought.
This area of the brain connects to the spinal cord and manages the exchange of motor and sensory information between the body and the brain, ensuring proper autonomic system functionality. Unlike the cerebellum, temporal lobe, and cerebral cortex, the medulla oblongata is specifically dedicated to managing these autonomic processes.