Final answer:
The concept that describes the tendency to attribute success or failure to internal or external factors is known as 'locus of control'. It explains the degree to which individuals believe they control the outcomes in their lives.
Step-by-step explanation:
The tendency to attribute one's success or failure to internal or external factors is referred to as locus of control. This concept was introduced by Julian Rotter and is a cognitive factor that influences how we perceive the control we have over our lives. Individuals with an internal locus of control believe they are in charge of the outcomes of their actions and attribute success or failure to their own efforts. Conversely, individuals with an external locus of control attribute their successes or failures to outside forces, such as luck, fate, or the actions of others.
In the context of the student's question, the correct answer is d. Locus of control, which refers to the degree to which people believe that they have control over the outcome of events in their lives, as opposed to external forces beyond their control. Understanding one's locus of control can play a significant role in academic achievement, career success, and personal development.