Final answer:
The NAWSA and NWP played key roles in the women's suffrage movement, with the former using state-by-state strategies and the latter employing more radical tactics. Their efforts, along with those of African American women who worked within segregated contexts, culminated in the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920.
Step-by-step explanation:
The involvement of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) and the National Woman's Party (NWP) were pivotal in the women's civil rights movement, particularly in securing the right to vote for women. NAWSA, formed in 1890 by advocates such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, initially championed a constitutional amendment for suffrage but later operated on a state-by-state basis, aiming to showcase how suffrage could help women enforce their traditional roles as caretakers, which achieved some success especially in the western states. The NWP, formed by Alice Paul and Lucy Burns in 1916, used more radical tactics, focusing solely on a constitutional amendment, and utilized more aggressive strategies such as picketing the White House and hunger strikes to gain attention and sympathy for their cause.
In the broader context, while NAWSA tended to avoid promoting equality as a justification for suffrage to gain broader support, the NWP celebrated women's equality. African American women faced discrimination within these organizations but continued to forge their own path toward suffrage and civil rights through groups like the National Association of Colored Women Clubs. The passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920 was the culmination of these efforts, granting the right to vote to all American women, though it did not eliminate all the barriers that women, especially women of color, faced in exercising this right.