Final answer:
The two types of gametes produced by an Aa monohybrid according to Mendel's law of equal segregation are A and a, each with an equal frequency.
Step-by-step explanation:
Mendel's law of equal segregation, a fundamental principle in classical genetics, describes the distribution of alleles during gamete formation and the inheritance patterns of traits. For a monohybrid individual with the genotype Aa, representing a heterozygous condition where two different alleles (A and a) are present for a specific gene, the law of equal segregation outlines the production of two distinct types of gametes: one carrying the dominant allele (A) and the other carrying the recessive allele (a).
This segregation occurs during the process of meiosis, the specialized cell division that gives rise to gametes. In the first stage of meiosis, homologous chromosomes separate, ensuring that each resulting gamete receives only one allele for a given gene. In the case of the Aa individual, the alleles A and a segregate into different gametes. Consequently, the possible gametes produced by this individual are A and a, not Aa or aa.
The significance of equal segregation is realized in the randomness of allele distribution among offspring. During fertilization, when gametes fuse to form a zygote, each gamete has an equal chance of contributing either the dominant or recessive allele. This randomness ensures that the offspring have a 50% probability of inheriting the dominant allele (A) and a 50% probability of inheriting the recessive allele (a).
In summary, Mendel's law of equal segregation elucidates the principles governing the distribution of alleles during gamete formation, providing a foundation for understanding the patterns of inheritance observed in monohybrid crosses.