Final answer:
Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment states that alleles of genes on different chromosomes assort randomly into different gametes, which can be illustrated by a dihybrid cross. Recombination can shuffle alleles for genes that are close together, but genes that are far apart on the same chromosome generally still assort independently.
Step-by-step explanation:
According to Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment, the correct statement is: alleles of genes on different chromosomes assort randomly into different gametes. This principle, fundamental in genetics, explains how alleles for separate genes can segregate independently during the formation of gametes. It contradicts the notion that dominant alleles must assort with either dominant or recessive alleles from other genes; instead, each pair of alleles segregates without affecting the segregation of other pairs.
Mendel's law can be demonstrated through a dihybrid cross, involving two traits, each represented by two alleles. We can see this with pea plants where one plant with wrinkled green seeds has gametes of type 'ry' and another with round yellow seeds produces 'RY' gametes. The resulting offspring, with genotype 'RrYy', exemplifies that each allele pair sorts into gametes independently.
However, the law applies cleanly only for genes on different chromosomes or those that are far apart on the same chromosome, as recombination during meiosis can shuffle alleles and lead to new combinations.