Final answer:
The current Texas Constitution did not adopt the establishment of Catholicism as the state religion from the Constitution of 1827; rather, it focuses on individual liberties, education, and democratic values.
Step-by-step explanation:
The current Texas Constitution adopted many elements from earlier documents but did not borrow all features from the Constitution of 1827. The item from the student's list that was not adopted from the Constitution of 1827 is 'a. the establishment of Catholicism as the state religion.' While the Constitution of 1827, being part of Mexican law at the time, reflected the status of Catholicism as the state religion, this aspect was not incorporated into Texas's constitution. Instead, the current Texas Constitution guarantees individual liberties, the promotion of education, and other foundations for a democratic society.
Significant aspects such as 'b. a guarantee of citizens' rights to liberty, security, property, and equality', 'c. the curtailment of the spread of slavery', and 'd. the legislature's order to promote education' were influenced by the liberal ideals and previous constitutions including those from the era of Mexican governance over Texas. Over time, these components of government and individual rights have evolved to shape the modern Texas Constitution, which has undergone numerous amendments reflecting the changing values and needs of society.