Final answer:
The primary malfunction for those suffering from GERD is the failure of the gastro-esophageal sphincter to remain closed, which allows stomach acid and contents to flow into the esophagus. Factors such as smoking, being overweight, and certain foods and beverages can contribute to the weakening of the sphincter. Quitting smoking, losing weight, avoiding trigger foods and beverages, and eating smaller meals before bedtime can help manage GERD.
Step-by-step explanation:
The primary malfunction for those suffering from GERD is the failure of the gastro-esophageal sphincter (or cardiac sphincter) to remain completely closed. This sphincter normally opens to allow swallowed food to enter the stomach and then closes to prevent stomach contents from flowing back into the esophagus. If the sphincter is weak or relaxes inappropriately, stomach acid and contents can flow into the esophagus, causing the burning sensation known as heartburn.
There are several factors that can contribute to the weakening of the gastro-esophageal sphincter. Smoking, being overweight, and certain foods and beverages like chocolate, fatty foods, peppermint, coffee, and alcoholic beverages can all increase the risk of GERD.
To manage GERD, dietary and lifestyle changes can be helpful. Quitting smoking, losing weight, avoiding trigger foods and beverages, and eating smaller meals several hours before bedtime can all help reduce symptoms.