Final answer:
Proactive interference is when old information makes it hard to recall new learning, while retroactive interference is the opposite. Procedural memory, less affected by interference, helps us remember skills and actions. The Old-before-New writing principle utilizes readers' existing knowledge as a bridge to new concepts.
Step-by-step explanation:
Proactive interference refers to the phenomenon where old information hinders the recall of newly learned information. For instance, remembering a previous phone number or address instead of the new one is a common example of proactive interference. This is contrasted with retroactive interference, where new information affects the retention of older data, like studying a new topic and then struggling to recall what was learned previously.
An important aspect of memory that's relevant here is procedural memory, a type of long-term memory for actions and skills. Procedural memory encompasses skills such as driving a car or brushing your teeth, which are generally less susceptible to proactive interference because of their repetitive and ingrained nature.
The Old-before-New principle in writing reflects this concept of proactive interference, by suggesting that familiar or old information should pave the way for the introduction of new information. This principle is implemented to help readers transition smoothly from what they already know to what they are about to learn.