Final answer:
In a patient with long-standing type 1 diabetes mellitus, a higher resting heart rate (HR) occurs. Additionally, exercise can also increase heart rate in individuals with diabetes.
Step-by-step explanation:
In a patient with long-standing type 1 diabetes mellitus, the sympathetic cardiovascular change that occurs is a higher resting heart rate (HR). This means that the heart rate at rest is elevated compared to individuals without diabetes. This can be attributed to the dysregulation of blood glucose levels and the impact it has on the cardiovascular system.
Exercise can also increase heart rate in individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus, as the body responds to the increased demands for oxygen and nutrients during physical activity.