Final answer:
The characteristic 'Americans are formal' is not a trait used to help foreign managers understand Americans; traits like independence, competitiveness, belief in hard work, and punctuality are.
Step-by-step explanation:
According to Manager's Shoptalk in chapter 13, the characteristic that is not used to help foreign managers understand Americans is 'Americans are formal'.
The other characteristics listed, such as Americans being independent and individualistic, competitive, believing in work, and valuing punctuality, are indeed traits typically associated with American professional culture. The United States is known for its individualistic culture, where personal achievement, competition, and independence are highly valued.
Understanding aspects such as the emphasis on individual freedom, the pursuit of personal goals, and the idea of American Exceptionalism are crucial for foreign managers to navigate the American business environment effectively.