Final answer:
Japanese and European castles both had moats for defense, were taller than their surroundings for visibility and protection, and featured narrow windows to guard against attacks.
Step-by-step explanation:
Japanese and European castles shared several defensive features despite differences in architecture and materials. A primary similarity is that they were often surrounded by moats, which acted as a first line of defense against invaders. Furthermore, these grand structures were built to be taller than the surrounding area, enabling defenders to spot enemies from afar and making them easier to protect. Lastly, both Japanese and European castles often featured narrow windows, which were designed to limit the entry of enemy arrows and projectiles, providing an extra layer of defense.