Final answer:
Research results can be identified as outcomes of descriptive research when focusing on describing a population's characteristics, while correlational research is used when examining relationships between variables. Operational definitions ensure consistency and assist in interpreting the relationships identified in research.
Step-by-step explanation:
Identifying research results as the outcome of either a descriptive or correlational design involves understanding the difference between the two methods. Descriptive research is concerned with describing characteristics of a population or phenomenon being studied. It does not answer questions about how/when/why the characteristics occurred, which would require correlational or experimental methods. On the other hand, correlational research examines the relationship between variables, allowing researchers to determine the strength and direction of the relationship between two or more variables.
When looking at the results and/or discussion sections of the research, if the findings serve simply to enumerate or describe what was observed, such as the distribution of grades among different study methods in students, then it would likely be an outcome of a descriptive design. However, if the results discuss potential relationships, such as the possibility that increased tutoring correlates with higher grades (without implying causation), this would fall under a correlational design.
Operational definitions play a critical role in ensuring consistency and replicability in research. For example, a sociologist's definition of what constitutes an "increase of crime" greatly affects the interpretation of a study's results and whether those results can reliably indicate trends or correlations.
A study reporting findings with tables or graphs, explaining variables' relationships, and discussing potential reasons behind observed phenomena typically signals a combination of both descriptive and correlational elements. However, if there is talk of control over variables and imposing treatment or conditions, the design could involve experimental research.