Final answer:
Sodium chloride, glucose, mannitol, cadmium sulfide, and methanol can result in an increased osmole gap.
Step-by-step explanation:
An increased osmole gap can be caused by solutes that have a greater osmolarity than the normal blood and tissue fluid. Five solutes, other than ethylene glycol and its metabolites, that can result in an increased osmole gap are:
- Sodium chloride (table salt): It has a strong osmotic effect and attracts water, contributing to higher osmolarity.
- Glucose (blood sugar): In poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, excess glucose in the urine acts as an osmotic diuretic.
- Mannitol: An indigestible sugar used to reduce brain swelling after head injury.
- Cadmium sulfide: A metallic compound that can increase osmolarity when dissolved in water.
- Methanol: A molecular solute that remains a neutral molecule when dissolved in water.