Final answer:
Glucose can be converted into toxic ketone bodies in diabetics, particularly in the absence of effective insulin action. These ketone bodies are produced by the enzyme beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase and can lead to diabetic ketoacidosis if they accumulate. Type 2 diabetes can be managed with dietary changes which improve insulin sensitivity.
Step-by-step explanation:
In diabetics, particularly those with type 1 diabetes, glucose can be converted into toxic ketone bodies if the body cannot use glucose effectively for energy. This process is facilitated by the enzyme beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase during fat metabolism when insulin is not available or not working properly. The tissues particularly affected by the accumulation of these toxic substances are the heart and brain, where the pH balance can be disrupted leading to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).
A normal body responds to increasing blood glucose levels by secreting insulin, which promotes the uptake of glucose into cells and reduces blood glucose levels. Insulin allows cells to metabolize glucose for energy production, maintaining homeostasis. In type 1 diabetes, the body's immune system mistakenly destroys pancreatic beta cells, leading to a lack of insulin production. Hence, blood glucose levels rise, and cells begin to break down fats for energy, causing the production of ketone bodies. Type 2 diabetes is generally characterized by insulin resistance, where cells do not respond to insulin effectively. Symptoms can include increased thirst, frequent urination, and fatigue.
In those with type 2 diabetes, the liver can exacerbate the situation by releasing more glucose into the blood despite already elevated levels. This occurs because the liver fails to recognize the signals due to insulin resistance. Dietary changes are most influential in managing type 2 diabetes, by improving insulin sensitivity and controlling blood sugar levels.