Final answer:
Cryptosporidiosis in HIV patients is diagnosed through microscopic examination of stool samples, including a stool ova and parasite exam, acid fast staining, enzyme immunoassays, and PCR. Rehydration and anti-parasitic treatments like nitazoxanide are used for treatment.
Step-by-step explanation:
Diagnosing Cryptosporidium in HIV Patients
Cryptosporidiosis is an intestinal illness caused by the protozoans Cryptosporidium parvum or C. hominis. It is of special concern in HIV patients due to their compromised immune systems. In order to diagnose cryptosporidiosis in an HIV patient, microscopic examination of stool samples is often performed. This usually includes a stool ova and parasite (O&P) exam over several days to detect the presence of cysts and trophozoites. Acid fast staining, enzyme immunoassays, and molecular methods such as PCR might also aid in the diagnosis. The first line of treatment is typically oral rehydration therapy, and for managing the infection, medications like the broad-spectrum anti-parasitic drug nitazoxanide can be used.