Final answer:
The student's question pertains to medical-related subjects, specifically Chronic Kidney Disease, Nephrotic Syndrome, and Glomerulonephritis, which are conditions affecting kidney function and can lead to complications such as protein loss, edema, and fluid imbalance.
Step-by-step explanation:
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
CKD is characterized by a decline in kidney function over time. Diabetic nephropathy, hypertension, and glomerulonephritis are the most common causes. Acute-on-chronic renal failure (AoCRF) involves an acute deterioration in a patient who already has chronic renal insufficiency, with the aim of treatment being to return the patient to their baseline renal function.
Nephrotic Syndrome
This condition results from damage to the glomeruli, which leads to excessive protein loss in the urine, along with swelling, low serum albumin, and high cholesterol levels.
Glomerulonephritis
Glomerulonephritis is inflammation of the glomeruli, causing symptoms such as hematuria, increased blood pressure, and edema. It can be acute or chronic, with the risk of progressing to chronic kidney disease.
Factors Contributing to Malnutrition and Fluid Imbalance
Conditions such as haemodilution, malnutrition, cirrhosis of the liver, and nephrosis can contribute to protein loss and affect body fluid balance, leading to edema and other complications.