Final answer:
The articular cartilage is the bone structure that persists for life, whereas the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone after growth periods.
Step-by-step explanation:
The structure in a bone that persists for life is the articular cartilage. Other structures, like the epiphyseal plate, primary bone, and primary ossification center, go through changes as one grows. Specifically, the epiphyseal plate, also known as the growth plate, allows for the lengthening of bones during childhood and adolescence. Once a person reaches adulthood, the epiphyseal plate undergoes ossification and is replaced by a line of bone, effectively ceasing its contribution to bone growth. In contrast, articular cartilage remains throughout one's lifetime, serving as a cushion at the joints where bones meet.