Final answer:
Biological macromolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids, are the primary organic molecules in cells that are essential for structure and function. Carbon is the backbone of these molecules, enabling a diverse range of functions within the cell.
Step-by-step explanation:
The class of organic molecules that plays a primary role in the structure and function of the cell includes proteins, nucleic acids (RNA and DNA), carbohydrates, and lipids. These are known as biological macromolecules and they are essential for life's processes. Carbon, with its ability to form up to four covalent bonds, is the fundamental component of these macromolecules, making it the backbone to which other atoms or molecules can bond.
Proteins are particularly versatile, fulfilling structural, regulatory, contractile, or protective roles. They are polymers of amino acids and can act as enzymes, carriers, or hormones within the cell. These macromolecules are organized into various structures -- primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary -- each essential for their specific function.
Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA are composed of nucleotides, which include a phosphate group, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogen-containing base. They are vital for storing and transferring genetic information. Carbohydrates serve as an energy source and provide structural support, with compounds like glucose being energy sources and others like cellulose contributing to the structural integrity of plant cell walls. Lipids, such as fats and oils, are important for cell membranes and energy storage.