Final answer:
Running away is not part of the physiological changes of the fight-or-flight response; it's an action that might result from those physiological changes.
Step-by-step explanation:
The option that is not a part of the fight or flight response is d. running away. The fight-or-flight response, which occurs when an individual perceives a threat, involves a series of physiological changes that prepare the body either to confront or to avoid danger. These changes, driven by the release of adrenaline (epinephrine) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), include the dilation of pupils, an increase in heart rate and blood pressure, dilation of bronchi in the lungs for increased oxygen exchange, and activation of sweat glands. Running away is an action taken in response to these physiological changes rather than a direct physical effect of the fight-or-flight response.