Final answer:
Cortisol, a stress hormone, has varied effects: short-term releases can boost immunity and energy, while long-term exposure weakens the immune system, stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver, contributes to muscle breakdown, and breaks down fat in adipose tissue.
Step-by-step explanation:
The hormone cortisol is a glucocorticoid released by the adrenal glands in response to stress. Its effects vary based on short-term or long-term release. In brief periods, it can boost energy, temporarily improve immune function, and lessen pain sensitivity. However, chronic high levels of cortisol can have detrimental effects on the body.
Effects of Cortisol on the Immune System
While cortisol can temporarily have anti-inflammatory properties, prolonged release weakens the immune system by inhibiting various immune functions, which can increase susceptibility to infections and diseases.
Effects of Cortisol on the Liver
In the liver, cortisol stimulates gluconeogenesis, the process of generating glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, which helps to maintain blood glucose levels and supplies the body with energy during prolonged stresses.
Effects of Cortisol on Muscles
In muscles, cortisol can lead to protein breakdown, supplying amino acids for gluconeogenesis in the liver yet potentially leading to muscle wasting over extended periods.
Effects of Cortisol on Adipose Tissue
Cortisol aids in the breakdown of fat into fatty acids in adipose tissue, which are then released into the bloodstream for energy utilization, thus helping to provide the body with energy during times of prolonged stress.