Final answer:
Students likely to be referred for remedial reading instruction include those significantly behind in reading skills, non-readers by grade 2, those with learning disabilities like dyslexia, and often those from poor, disadvantaged backgrounds.
Step-by-step explanation:
Students who are most likely to be referred for remedial reading instruction are those who demonstrate significant difficulties in acquiring reading skills. This can include children who are not able to read a single word of a short text by grade 2, as indicated by studies showing high percentages of non-readers in early grades across various countries. Also, students who lag several grades behind their peers in reading proficiency or those with learning disabilities such as dyslexia are likely candidates for remediation. In addition, there is often a noticeable disparity between students from affluent backgrounds and those from poor, disadvantaged families, with the latter group being more prone to struggling with literacy skills and therefore more in need of targeted reading support.