Final answer:
The outcome of ethnic competition in Sudan, especially in the Darfur region, involved a tragic campaign of ethnic cleansing resulting in mass casualties and displacement. Tensions were fueled by economic interests due to oil profits, leading to prolonged unrest and the eventual secession of South Sudan in 2011.
Step-by-step explanation:
Historical and ongoing ethnic competition in Sudan, particularly in the Darfur region, has had devastating outcomes. The Janjaweed militia, recruited by local Arabs and supported by the Sudanese government, began a campaign of ethnic cleansing in 2003 against the people of Darfur. This conflict, rooted in ethnic divisions between the traditional African residents of Darfur and the Arab residents of northern Sudan, resulted in hundreds of thousands of deaths, widespread displacement, and systematic violence, including the raping of women and the burning of villages. The introduction of oil profits exacerbated the situation, creating a funding source for continued conflict. Despite a treaty being signed in 2011, peace remains fragile, and the region continues to struggle with instability. The long-lasting effects of these conflicts included the separation of South Sudan from Sudan in 2011 after a referendum, illustrating the significant geopolitical changes that ethnic competition can cause.