Final answer:
The Virginia Plan proposed a system with a president, courts, and bicameral legislature.
Step-by-step explanation:
The proposal at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 that described a system with a president, courts, and a bicameral legislature was the Virginia Plan. This plan, put forward by James Madison, called for a strong national government with a two-house legislature, an executive branch, and a judicial branch. The lower house would be elected by the people based on state population, while the upper house would be appointed by state legislatures.