Final answer:
In the process of filtration in the kidneys, water, inorganic ions, and small organic molecules such as glucose are filtered through capillary pores, while large plasma proteins are not.
Step-by-step explanation:
The subject of this question revolves around the process of filtration in the kidneys, specifically through the structures within the glomerulus. During filtration, certain substances are filtered along with water through the capillary pores based on their size and charge. The provided text describes how water, inorganic ions, and small organic molecules such as glucose can pass through these pores, while large plasma proteins cannot, due to size and charge constraints imposed by the fenestrations and other components of the filtration membrane.
An important aspect affecting this filtration process is the presence of negatively charged proteins that repel other negatively charged substances and allow positively charged ones to pass more readily. Additionally, the basement membrane of the capillary wall prevents the filtration of medium-to-large proteins. Hence, while glucose, small organic molecules, and ions can be filtered and later reabsorbed, plasma proteins are typically retained in the bloodstream.
Therefore, the correct answer to the student's question is that all of the following are filtered with water through the capillary pores except for plasma proteins.