Final answer:
The truth in history is determined through various philosophical theories, such as instrumentalism and realism, and must undergo verification.
Step-by-step explanation:
The determination of historical truth, as outlined by Fernandez-Armesto, involves different theories and approaches for discerning what is considered true. Philosophical frameworks such as instrumentalism, realism, and conceptual relativism guide how empirical claims and theories are evaluated and accepted as knowledge within scientific and historical contexts. The truth of a proposition, according to logical empiricism, depends on how well it can be verified through evidence and coherence with known facts. People can differ significantly in their interpretations of historical evidence, often due to personal beliefs or motivated reasoning. Despite differing perspectives and challenges in establishing truth, statements and propositions ultimately hold one truth value, irrespective of personal beliefs. Philosophers and scientists strive to establish criteria for truth that transcend cultural influences, aiming to reach conclusions that are justified and reflect objective reality.