Final answer:
Nationalism had a greater effect on Europe in the 1800s compared to liberalism, leading to the birth of new nation-states and challenging existing empires.
Step-by-step explanation:
In the 1800s, both liberalism and nationalism had significant effects on Europe, but nationalism had a greater impact overall. Nationalism played a crucial role in the unification of Italy and Germany, resulting in the birth of new nation-states. The desire for a unified national identity prevailed over the ideologies of liberalism, leading to political transformations.
While liberalism saw some of its goals realized in certain European regions, such as France and Britain, nationalism had a broader and more profound influence on the continent as a whole. Nationalistic movements gained momentum, challenging and, in some cases, disintegrating empires. Conservative monarchs also began adopting aspects of nationalism to maintain control in the face of mounting nationalist sentiments.
Therefore, while liberalism had a significant impact in specific regions, nationalism had a greater effect on Europe as a whole during the 1800s.