Final answer:
The manager at Friends & Co's belief in equal application of rules for distributing goods and services aligns with the Justice Approach, related to distributive justice theories, particularly resembling John Rawls's theory of justice.
Step-by-step explanation:
The belief of the manager at Friends & Co in applying the same rules in the distribution of goods and services aligns most closely with the Justice Approach. The Justice Approach involves principles that aim to ensure fairness in the distribution of wealth, opportunities, and resources. It questions whether society should be structured to provide for the needs of its members based on need, allowing for personal freedoms, or if there should be as little governmental interference as possible. This approach is closely related to theories of distributive justice, which involve ensuring fairness in economic distribution among the members of a society.
When considering approaches to distributive justice, philosopher John Rawls's theory is particularly relevant. Rawls's theory of justice includes the principle of the veil of ignorance, which proposes that in determining principles of justice, one should consider a hypothetical original position where individuals do not know their place in society, thereby creating rules that are just and fair regardless of one's social or economic status. Under Rawls's theory, social and economic inequalities are arranged to benefit the least advantaged and are acceptable only if they benefit everyone.
Deontological ethics, pioneered by Immanuel Kant—referred to as Kantianism—focuses on actions being inherently right or wrong regardless of the consequences and is based on the concept of duty. Utilitarianism, on the other hand, is concerned with the greatest good for the greatest number, and actions are judged moral if they contribute to maximum happiness.