Final answer:
Justin's dog's reaction to the car door slam is an example of classical conditioning, where the dog has learned to associate the car door sound with the arrival of its owner. Operant conditioning, in contrast, is when a behavior is strengthened or weakened by its consequences, such as receiving a better grade for studying, which encourages you to study more.
Step-by-step explanation:
When Justin's dog hears the sound of a car door slam and runs to the door barking, it is an example of classical conditioning. This concept was famously demonstrated by Pavlov through his dog experiments. In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus (the car door slam in Justin's dog's case or the ringing bell in Pavlov's experiment) comes to elicit a reflexive response (running to the door and barking or salivation) after being paired repeatedly with an unconditioned stimulus (the owner's arrival or food).
Operant conditioning differs from classical conditioning in that it involves learning an association between a behavior and its consequence rather than a stimulus and a response. For instance, when training a pet to do a trick, operant conditioning would occur if the pet receives a treat (positive reinforcement) for performing the trick correctly, thereby increasing the likelihood of the pet repeating the behavior.
Regarding the learning associated with academic achievement, when you comprehend that studying will likely improve your grade on an AP test, the type of conditioning involved can be operant conditioning, wherein the reinforcement is a better grade, which increases the likelihood that you will study again in the future.