Final answer:
A biological therapy with irreversible effects that involves brain tissue removal or destruction is called a prefrontal lobotomy, which is now largely out of practice. Other therapies like deep-brain stimulation and biofeedback offer more nuanced and less permanent alternatives to modulating brain function and treating neurological conditions.
Step-by-step explanation:
A biological therapy with irreversible effects that involves removal or destruction of brain tissue to improve an individual's adjustment is known as a prefrontal lobotomy. This drastic procedure was historically used to treat individuals with severe mental disorders or uncontrollable behaviors by disconnecting the prefrontal cortex from the rest of the frontal lobe and diencephalon. While effective in reducing certain psychiatric symptoms, lobotomies often led to significant and undesirable changes in personality and cognitive abilities, and they have largely been out of practice due to their invasive and permanent nature.
Other biological therapies in mental health include deep-brain stimulation (DBS), which is reversible and involves the insertion of small electrodes into specific brain regions. DBS can improve memory functions among other cognitive abilities. Non-invasive brain stimulation, such as transcranial magnetic or electric stimulation, is mostly experimental and has been shown to enhance various brain functions. Additionally, biofeedback, or neurofeedback, helps individuals modulate their neural activity to produce desired brain states. Unlike the irreversible lobotomy, these therapies often provide a more nuanced modulation of brain function, with potential benefits for various neurological conditions, including post-traumatic stress disorder.